“The Romanovs: The Final Chapter” by Robert K Massie

This completes Robert K Massie’s series on the Romanovs.  It opens with a graphic description of the murders of the entire Romanov family and their entourage.

From the opening chapter: “Down Twenty-Three Steps”

“At midnight, Yakov Yurovsky, the leader of the executioners, came up the stairs to awaken the family. In his pocket he had a Colt pistol with a cartridge clip containing seven bullets, and under his coat he carried a long-muzzled Mauser pistol with a wooden gun stock and a clip of ten bullets.  A knock on the prisoners' door brought Dr. Eugene Botkin, the family physician, who had remained with the Romanovs for sixteen months of detention and imprisonment.  Botkin was already awake; he had been writing what turned out to be a last letter to his own family.

Quietly, Yurovsky explained his intrusion. "Because of unrest in the town, it has become necessary to move the family downstairs," he said.  "It would be dangerous to be in the upper rooms if there was shooting in the streets."  Botkin understood; an anti-Bolshevik White Army bolstered by thousands of Czech former prisoners of war was approaching the Siberian town of Ekaterinburg, where the family had been held for seventy-eight days.  Already, the captives had heard the rumble of artillery in the distance and the sound of revolver shots fired nearby on recent nights.  Yurovsky asked that the family dress as soon as possible.  Botkin went to awaken them.

They took forty minutes. Nicholas, fifty, the former emperor, and his thirteen-year-old son, Alexis, the former tsarevich and heir to the throne. dressed in simple military shirts, trousers, boots, and forage caps. Alexandra, forty-six, the former empress, and her daughters, Olga, twenty-two, Tati-ana, twenty-one, Marie, nineteen, and Anastasia, seventeen, put on dresses without hats or outer wraps.  Yurovsky met them outside their door and led them down the staircase into an inner courtyard.  Nicholas followed, carrying his son, who could not walk.  Alexis, crippled by hemophilia, was a thin, muscular adolescent weighing eighty pounds, but the tsar managed without stumbling. A man of medium height, Nicholas had a powerful body, full chest, and strong arms. The empress, taller than her husband, came next, walking with difficulty because of the sciatica which had kept her lying on a palace chaise longue for many years and in bed or a wheelchair during their imprisonment. Behind came their daughters, two of them carrying small pillows.  The youngest and smallest daughter, Anastasia, held her per King Charles spaniel, Jemmy.

After the daughters came Dr. Borkin and three others who had remained to share the family's imprisonment: Trupp, Nicholas's valet; Demidova, Alexandra's maid; and Kharitonov, the cook. Demidova also clutched a pillow; inside, sewed deep into the feathers, was a box containing a collection of jewels; Demidova was charged with never letting it out of her sight.

Yurovsky detected no signs of hesitation or suspicion; "there were no tears, no sobs, no questions," he said later. From the bottom of the stairs, he led them across the courtyard to a small, semibasement room at the corner of the house. It was only eleven by thirteen feet and had a single window, barred by a heavy iron grille on the outer wall. All the furniture had been removed. Here, Yurovsky asked them to wait. Alexandra, seeing the room empty, immediately said, "What? No chairs? May we not sit?" Yurovsky, obliging, went out to order two chairs. One of his squad, dispatched on this mission, said to another, “The heir needs a chair … evidently he wants to die in a chair”.

Two chairs were brought. Alexandra took one; Nicholas put Alexis in the other. The daughters placed one pillow behind their mother's back and a second behind their brother's. Yurovsky then began giving directions "Please, you stand here, and you here ... that's it, in a row" spreading them out across the back wall. He explained that he needed a photograph because people in Moscow were worried that they had escaped. When he was finished, the eleven prisoners were arranged in two rows: Nicholas stood by his son's chair in the middle of the front row, Alexandra sat in her chair near the wall, her daughters were arranged behind her, the others stood behind the tsar and the tsarevich.

Satisfied by this arrangement, Yurovsky then called in not a photographer with a tripod camera and a black cloth but eleven other men armed with revolvers. Five, like Yurovsky, were Russians; six were Latvians. Earlier, two Latvians had refused to shoot the young women and Yurovsky had replaced them with two others.

As these men crowded through the double doors behind him, Yurovsky stood in front of Nicholas, his right hand in his trouser pocket, his left holding a small piece of paper from which he began to read: "In view of the fact that your relatives are continuing their attack on Soviet Russia, the Ural Executive Committee has decided to execute you." Nicholas turned quickly to look at his family, then turned back to face Yurovsky and said. "What? What?" Yurovsky quickly repeated what he had said, then jerked the Colt out of his pocket and shot the tsar, point-blank.

At this, the entire squad began to fire. Each had been told beforehand whom he was to shoot and ordered to aim for the heart to avoid excessive quantities of blood and finish more quickly. Twelve men were now firing pistols, some over the shoulders of those in front, so close that many of the executioners suffered gunpowder burns and were partially deafened.  The empress and her daughter Olga each tried to make the sign of the cross but did not have time.  Alexandra died immediately, sitting in her chair. Olga was killed by a single bullet through her head.  Botkin, Trupp, and Kharitonov also died quickly.

Alexis, the three younger sisters, and Demidova remained alive. Bullets fired at the daughters' chests seemed to bounce off, ricocheting around the room like hail. Mystified, then terrified and almost hysterical, the executioners continued firing. Barely visible through the smoke, Marie and Anastasia pressed against the wall, squatting, covering their heads with their arms until the bullets cut them down. Alexis, lying on the floor, moved his arm to shield himself, then tried to clutch his father's shirt. One of the executioners kicked the tsarevich in the head with his heavy boot. Alexis moaned. Yurovsky stepped up and fired two shots from his Mauser directly into the boy's ear.

Demidova survived the first fusillade. Rather than reload, the executioners took rifles from the next room and pursued her with bayonets.  Screaming, running back and forth along the wall, she tried to fend them off with her armored pillow. The cushion fell, and she grabbed a bayonet with both hands, trying to hold it away from her chest. It was dull and at first would not penetrate. When she collapsed, the enraged murderers pierced her body more than thirty times.

The room, filled with smoke and the stench of gunpowder, became quiet. Blood was everywhere, in rivers and pools. Yurovsky, in a hurry, began turning the bodies over, checking their pulses. The truck, now waiting at the front door of the Ipatiev House, had to be well out of town before the arrival in a few hours of the July Siberian dawn. Sheets, collected from the beds of the four grand duchesses, were brought to carry the bodies and prevent blood dripping on the floors and in the courtvard. Nicholas's body went first. Then, suddenly, as one of the daughters was being laid on a sheet, she cried out. With bayonets and rifle butts, the entire band turned on her. In a moment, she was still.

When the family lay in the back of the truck, covered by a tarpaulin, someone discovered Anastasia's small dog, its head crushed by a rifle butt. This little body was tossed into the truck.

The "whole procedure," as Yurovsky later described it, including feeling the pulses and loading the truck, had taken twenty minutes.”

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The last in Massie’s series, this book is otherwise quite a tedious read.  I suppose Massie felt he had to achieve closure by documenting the end of the Romanov 300-year dynasty.  There is a great deal of discussion regarding the (politically) competing methodologies used in the forensic analysis used to identify members of the Romanov family as well as the elaborate hoax regarding the question of Anastasia’s ‘survival’, which was kept alive for nearly a century to detract from a discussion of the actual event, when pure evil raised its head.

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CONTENTS

I: THE BONES

1. Down Twenty-three Steps

2. Approved by Moscow

3. Let Me Find Nothing

4. A Character from Gogol

5. Secretary Baker

6. Curious About Death

7. The Ekaterinburg Conference

8. At the Frontiers of Knowledge

9. Dr. Maples Versus Dr. Gill

10. Ekaterinburg Confronts Its Past....

11. Investigator Soloviev

12. Burying the Tsar

II: ANNA ANDERSON

13. The Impostors.

14. The Claimant...

15. A Matter of Family Honor

16. These People Have No Standing

17. As Good as the People Using It.

18. The Cleverest of the Four Children

III: THE SURVIVORS

19. The Romanov Emigres

IV: THE IPATIEV HOUSE

20. Seventy-eight Days

Sources and Acknowledgments

Index